Sobre el Ordenamiento de Zamora, 1274

The so-called Ordenamiento de Zamora of 1274 has received scant critical attention, but it prompts several questions: (1) is the extant text an official Ordenamiento of the royal court; (2) was the date affixed by the royal chancery; (3) was it enacted in the Cortes at Zamora; (4) what is the substance of the text? The Ordenamiento is incomplete as it lacks the proper introduction characteristic of authentic royal documents and the customary chancery dating formula. Apart from the inscription, no other document speaks of the Cortes of Zamora and the text makes no reference to the Cortes or to the presence of representatives of municipalities ordinarily summoned to the Cortes. In order to facilitate the prompt resolution of lawsuits, the Ordenamiento focused on four topics: 1. Advocates; 2. Judges; 3. Scribes; and 4. The King. It also listed the casos de corte that belonged exclusively to royal jurisdiction.El llamado Ordenamiento de Zamora de 1274 ha recibido escasa atención crítica, pero plantea varias preguntas: (1) ¿es el texto existente un ordenamiento oficial de la corte real? (2) ¿fue la fecha fijada por la cancillería real? (3) ¿fue decretado en las Cortes de Zamora? (4) ¿cuál es la sustancia del texto? El Ordenamiento es incompleto ya que carece de la introducción característica de los auténticos documentos reales y de la fórmula acostumbrada empleada por la cancillería para fechar tales documentos. Aparte de la inscripción, ningún otro documento habla de las Cortes de Zamora y el texto no hace referencia a las Cortes ni a la presencia de representantes de los concejos ordinariamente convocados a las Cortes. Con el fin de facilitar la pronta resolución de los pleitos, el Ordenamiento se centró en cuatro temas: 1. Abogados; 2. Alcaldes; 3. Escribanos; y 4. El Rey. También enumeró los casos de corte que pertenecían exclusivamente a la jurisdicción real

Impact of Accounting for Logical and Physical Processes on Market Capitalization Measures

This paper puts forth a framework for classifying organizations according to the relative importance of logical processes associated with their knowledge infrastructures. Drawing on financial and accounting valuation methods, differences in market-to-book value of equity are hypothesized due to under-valuation of logical processes per accounting conventions. This paper has implications for finance and accounting valuation of logical processes and hence knowledge-intensive processes

Global patterns and predictors of avian population density

Agencia de Innovación y Desarrollo de Andalucía, Grant/Award Number: EMERGIA20_00252; H2020 Marie Skłodowska- Curie Actions, Grant/ Award Number: 891052; Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Grant/Award Number: Rita Levi Montalcini programAim: How population density varies across animal species in the context of environ- mental gradients, and associated migratory strategies, remains poorly understood. The recent influx of avian trait data and population density estimates allows these patterns to be described and explored in unprecedented detail. This study aims to identify the main macroecological drivers of population density in birds. Location: Global. Time period: 1970–2021. Major taxa studied: Birds (Aves). Methods: We collated a dataset of 5072 local population density estimates for 1853 species and modelled population density as a function of trait and environmental predictors in a Bayesian framework accounting for phylogenetic and spatial autocor- relation. We explored the influence of body mass, diet, primary lifestyle, mating sys- tem, nesting behaviour, territoriality, and migratory behaviour on population density, accounting for a range of environmental variables, including preferred habitat type, primary productivity, precipitation and temperature. Based on this empirical baseline, we then predicted the mean population density for 9089 species of birds and esti- mated global geographic patterns of bird population density. Results: Population density was lower in species with larger body mass and higher trophic levels, and also declined in territorial species, migratory species, brood para- sites and species inhabiting resource-poor habitat types (e.g., deserts). Conversely, population density increased in cooperative breeders. Environmental drivers were most influential for migratory birds, with precipitation and temperature both associ- ated with higher population density. Overall, bird population densities were higher at lower latitudes. Main conclusions: Our results support previous findings on the role of body mass, diet and environmental gradients, but also reveal novel species-specific drivers of avian densities related to reproduction, migration and resource- holding behaviour. Substantial fine-scale variation remains unexplained. We provide a global dataset of population density predictions for use in macroecological analyses and conservation assessments.Agencia de Innovacion y Desarrollo de Andalucia EMERGIA20_00252H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions 891052Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR

Random walk with barriers: Diffusion restricted by permeable membranes

Restrictions to molecular motion by barriers (membranes) are ubiquitous in biological tissues, porous media and composite materials. A major challenge is to characterize the microstructure of a material or an organism nondestructively using a bulk transport measurement. Here we demonstrate how the long-range structural correlations introduced by permeable membranes give rise to distinct features of transport. We consider Brownian motion restricted by randomly placed and oriented permeable membranes and focus on the disorder-averaged diffusion propagator using a scattering approach. The renormalization group solution reveals a scaling behavior of the diffusion coefficient for large times, with a characteristically slow inverse square root time dependence. The predicted time dependence of the diffusion coefficient agrees well with Monte Carlo simulations in two dimensions. Our results can be used to identify permeable membranes as restrictions to transport in disordered materials and in biological tissues, and to quantify their permeability and surface area.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures; origin of dispersion clarified, refs adde

Final report on project SP1210: Lowland peatland systems in England and Wales – evaluating greenhouse gas fluxes and carbon balances

Lowland peatlands represent one of the most carbon-rich ecosystems in the UK. As a result of widespread habitat modification and drainage to support agriculture and peat extraction, they have been converted from natural carbon sinks into major carbon sources, and are now amongst the largest sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the UK land-use sector. Despite this, they have previously received relatively little policy attention, and measures to reduce GHG emissions either through re-wetting and restoration or improved management of agricultural land remain at a relatively early stage. In part, this has stemmed from a lack of reliable measurements on the carbon and GHG balance of UK lowland peatlands. This project aimed to address this evidence gap via an unprecedented programme of consistent, multi year field measurements at a total of 15 lowland peatland sites in England and Wales, ranging from conservation managed ‘near-natural’ ecosystems to intensively managed agricultural and extraction sites. The use of standardised measurement and data analysis protocols allowed the magnitude of GHG emissions and removals by peatlands to be quantified across this heterogeneous data set, and for controlling factors to be identified. The network of seven flux towers established during the project is believed to be unique on peatlands globally, and has provided new insights into the processes the control GHG fluxes in lowland peatlands. The work undertaken is intended to support the future development and implementation of agricultural management and restoration measures aimed at reducing the contribution of these important ecosystems to UK GHG emissions

Overview of the Role for Calreticulin in the Enhancement of Wound Healing through Multiple Biological Effects

Calreticulin (CRT), an intracellular chaperone protein crucial for the proper folding and transport of proteins through the endoplasmic reticulum, has more recent acclaim as a critical regulator of extracellular functions, particularly in mediating cellular migration and as a requirement for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Consistent with these functions, we show that the topical application of CRT has profound effects on the process of wound healing by causing a dose-dependent increase in epithelial migration and granulation tissue formation in both murine and porcine normal and impaired animal models of skin injury. These effects of CRT are substantiated, in vitro, as we show that CRT strongly induces cell migration/wound closure of human keratinocytes and fibroblasts, using a wound/scratch plate assay, and stimulates cellular proliferation of human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells, providing mechanistic insight into how CRT functions in repair. Similarly, in both animal models, the histology of the wounds show marked proliferation of basal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, dense cellularity of the dermis with notably increased numbers of macrophages and well-organized collagen fibril deposition. Thus, CRT profoundly affects the wound healing process by recruiting cells essential for repair into the wound, stimulating cell growth, and increasing extracellular matrix production